File:
<dryinid.htm> [For educational
purposes only] Glossary <Principal
Natural Enemy Groups >
<Citations> <Home> |
HYMENOPTERA, Dryinidae (Chrysidoidea)
(formerly Bethyloidea) -- <Images> & <Juveniles> Please refer also
to the following link for details on this group:
Dryinidae = Link 1 Dryinidae. -- These
are rare species, and most males and females are morphologically
distinct. Some females are wingless
and resemble ants. The antennae have ten segments, and the front tarsi of the
female are usually pincerlike. The peculiar -front tarsi of some females in
this family are deployed for holding the host during oviposition. Most dryinids are parasitoids of nymphs
and adults of Homoptera. Their larvae
feed internally on the host, although during most of their development a part
of the body of the larva protrudes from the host in a saclike structure. The
parasitoid, when full grown, leaves the host and spins a silken cocoon
nearby. Polyembryony occurs in some species.. There are ca. 1,410 described species found worldwide.
They are all solitary wasps whose larvae are parasitoids on other insects.
The only known hosts are Hemiptera, particularly leafhoppers. Adults are
usually small, to a maximum length of 11 mm. Males are mostly fully
winged but females are often completely wingless and therefore resemble ant
workers. Eggs are oviposited in the host with a sharp ovipositor
and the larvae spend the early stages feeding internally on the host but when larger they start to protrude
from the abdomen of the host and develop a hardened sac-like "case"
for protection. They continue feed on
the host, which is finally killed. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional
references may be found at: MELVYL
Library ] Askew, R. R.
1971. Parasitic Insects. Amer. Elsevier Publ. Co. 316 p. Dean, H. A. & J. C. Bailey. 1961. J. Econ. Ent. 54: 1104-06 Finnamore,
A.T. & D. J. Brothers. 1993. Superfamily Chrysidoidea (pp. 130-160). In
GOULET, H. & HUBER, J. (eds). Hymenoptera of the World: an
identification guide to families. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada,
Ottawa, Canada, 668 pp. Kieffer, J. J.
1914.
Das Tierreich. Lief. 41:
1-595. Olmi, M. 2002. Description of two new species
of Dryinidae from Botswana: Bocchus martellii and Gonatopus
martellii (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Boll. Zool. Agr. Bachic. (Ser. II) 34 (3), 273-280. Olmi, M.
2004. New species of Dryinidae and Embolemidae from Madagascar
(Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frustula Entomologica (2002) (N. S.) XXV (XXXVIII), 86-109. Olmi, M.
2004. A contribution to the knowledge of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera:
Chrysidoidea) of Northern Mozambique. Oriental Insects 38: 353-372. Olmi, M.
2005. A contribution to the knowledge of Afrotropical Dryinidae
(Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 141:
233-247. Olmi, M.
2006. A catalogue of Dryinidae and Embolemidae of South Africa, with
descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera Chrysidodea). Frustula entomologica (2005)(N.S.) vol. 28-29
(41-42): 1-57. Olmi, M.
2007. New species of Afrotropical Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with
description of a new genus and a new subfamily. African Invertebrates,
48: 199-232. Olmi, M. 2007. Apodryininae of Madagascar and South
Africa (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). Frustula entomologica (N.S.), 30 (43): 1-46. Olmi, M. 2008. New species of Dryinidae from
the Afrotropical Region (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea). Spixiana
31: 215-221. Perkins, R. C. L. 1905. Bull. Hawaii Sug.
Pl. Assoc. Exp. Sta., Div. Ent. 1:
1-69. Ponomarenko,
N. G. 1978/1987.
Family Dryinidae (Dryinids). In: G. S. Medvedev (ed.) 1987, Keys to the Insects of the European
Part of the USSR. Vol. 3 Hymenoptera, Pt. 2.
Akad. Nauk., Zool. Inst., Leningrad, SSSR.
(trans. fr. Russian, Amerind. Publ. Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi). 1341 p. Richards, O. W. 1939. Trans. Roy. Ent.
Soc. London 89: 185-344. |